Power management of a battery of a stair lift system

ABSTRACT

A lift system comprises a rail (1) and a carriage assembly (2) comprising a seat (21) or platform (21) for supporting a person to be conveyed along the rail (1), drive means arranged to engage the rail (1) and controllable to drive the carriage assembly (2) along the rail (1), energy storage means arranged to power the drive means, input means operable by a user to provide an input signal indicative of a desired movement of the carriage assembly (2) along the rail (1), and control means arranged to receive the input signal and control the drive means in response to the input signal. The system includes charging means arranged to charge the energy storage means when the carriage assembly (2) is at a first charging position on the rail (1). The control means is arranged to monitor at least one voltage (VI, V2) characteristic of the energy storage means and/or at least one operational characteristic of the stair lift, and generate an alert signal in response to one or more of those characteristics, or a difference between one or more of those characteristics, fulfilling a defined criterion, criteria, condition, or conditions.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to lift systems of the type which comprisea rail (or track) and a seat or platform for supporting a person to beconveyed along the rail. In particular, although not exclusively, thepresent invention relates to lift systems commonly referred to in theart as stair lift systems, where the rail is typically installed toconvey a person from one position, for example at the base of one ormore flights of stairs, to a second position at a different height, forexample at the top of one or more flights of stairs.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

A variety of lift systems of the type typically referred to as stairlifts or stair lift systems are known. These include systems in which asingle, straight rail is fixed with respect to a single flight of stairsand a seat is coupled to the rail such that the seat base remainshorizontal as the seat travels up and down the rail. In such systems,the angle of inclination of the rail with respect to vertical isconstant, and the seat has a fixed orientation with respect to the rail.

In other known stair lift systems the rail may be required to follow amore complicated path, for example a path involving inclined sections,flat sections, transitional sections in which an inclination changesfrom one value to another, curved sections in which the track curves ineither a horizontal or vertical plane, and compound curved sections(such as helical sections) in which the track simultaneously curvesabout horizontal and vertical axis (i.e. the projections of the trackpath onto a horizontal plane and a vertical plane are both curved).These compound curved sections of track can also be described assections of track in which the direction of the track in the horizontalplane and the height of the track in the vertical direction are bothchanging at the same time.

It is known for the carriage assembly to comprise drive means and energystorage means (typically in the form of one or more batteries or batterypacks, each of which may comprise one or more cells) for powering thedrive means under the control of a controller. It is also known for alift system to comprise charging means arranged to charge the energystorage means at at least one charging position (or point), for examplea plurality of charging positions including a lower charging positionat, or near, the bottom of the rail, and at an upper charging positionat, or near, the top of the rail.

A problem with such systems, however, is that if the energy storagemeans becomes flat (or becomes discharged or becomes depleted) while thecarriage assembly is away from (i.e. not at) a charging point (forexample while the carriage assembly is travelling between chargingpoints or positions), a user may be stranded, for example at anintermediate position along the rail.

It is known for stair lift systems to use lead-acid (e.g. sealed leadacid, SLA) batteries as energy storage means.

Lithium-ion batteries (or battery packs) may also be used in stair liftsystems as energy storage means. Lithium-ion battery packs offer certainadvantages over certain other types of rechargeable batteries (e.g.Ni-Cads), in particular reduced weight and increased energy storagecapacity, and the present inventors have determined that it would bedesirable to incorporate Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery packs in certainlift systems, especially stairlifts, and other person-conveying systems.However, Lithium-ion batteries can be damaged if the battery isdischarged below a safe limit. To prevent damage, battery packs ofteninclude a protection circuit module (PCM) within the battery enclosure.The PCM shuts the battery pack down if the battery has reached adischarge limit. Once shut down, the battery pack provides zero outputand cannot be used again until it has been recharged. The PCM does notprovide a warning before it shuts down. If used in a stairlift, a suddenshut down of the battery pack would immediately stop the chair (carriageassembly) leaving the occupant unable to move the lift without outsideassistance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an aim of embodiments of the invention to provide a lift systemwhich solves, at least partly, one or more of the problems associatedwith the prior art.

Certain embodiments address the problem of users being stranded as aresult of battery failure or degradation, or shut down by a PCM, bymonitoring at least one energy storage means voltage characteristicand/or at least one lift system (e.g. stair lift) operationalcharacteristic, and generating an alert signal in response to one ormore of said characteristics, or a difference between one or more saidcharacteristics, fulfilling a defined criterion, criteria, condition, orconditions.

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a liftsystem comprising

a rail;

a carriage assembly comprising a seat or platform for supporting aperson to be conveyed along the rail, drive means (module, unit,assembly) arranged to engage the rail and controllable to drive thecarriage assembly along the rail, energy storage means (or module orunit) arranged to power the drive means, input means (apparatus)operable by a user to provide an input signal indicative of a desiredmovement of the carriage assembly along the rail, and control means(e.g. at least one controller, control unit, or control module) arrangedto receive said input signal and control said drive means in response tosaid input signal; and

charging means (or charging apparatus, charger, charging system)arranged to charge said energy storage means when the carriage assemblyis at a first charging position on the rail,

wherein the control means is arranged to monitor at least one voltagecharacteristic of the energy storage means and/or at least oneoperational characteristic of the lift system, and generate an alertsignal in response to one or more of said characteristics, or adifference between one or more said characteristics, fulfilling adefined criterion, criteria, condition, or conditions.

Thus, advantageously, an alert signal can be generated, for exampleindicative of a degradation in performance/capacity of the energystorage means (or a component of it, such as one battery, battery pack,cell, or group of cells), before a user is stranded. The alert signalmay be used to prompt the user to seek assistance to have the energystorage means serviced, for example by replacing one or morebatteries/packs, used to alert a remote entity (e.g. service/supportcentre) directly, or stored for “reading” by an engineer when the liftsystem is next visited.

In certain embodiments the carriage assembly further comprises a memory,and the control means is arranged to store said alert signal, or dataindicative of said alert signal having been generated, in said memory.

In certain embodiments the carriage assembly further comprisesindicating means (e.g. at least one indicator) arranged to provide saidalert signal, or an indication of said alert signal having beengenerated, to a user of the lift system.

In certain embodiments the carriage assembly further comprisestransmitting means (e.g. a transmitter or transceiver) arranged totransmit said alert signal, or an indication of said alert signal havingbeen generated, for reception at a location remote from the lift system.

In certain embodiments the carriage assembly further comprises aninterface for providing said alert signal, or an indication of saidalert signal having been generated, to external apparatus when connectedto said interface.

In certain embodiments the energy storage means comprises a batteryhaving a first terminal and a second terminal, and said at least onevoltage characteristic comprises a voltage between (across) said firstand second terminals.

In certain embodiments said fulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria,condition, or conditions comprises said voltage falling below athreshold value.

In certain embodiments the controller is adapted to prevent movement ofthe carriage assembly along the rail in a direction away from the firstcharging position but allow movement of the carriage assembly along therail in a direction towards the first charging position when saidvoltage falls below a threshold value.

In certain embodiments said at least one operational characteristic ofthe lift system comprises a failure of the carriage assembly to completea journey from the first charging position to a second position alongthe rail as a result of said voltage falling below said threshold andthe controller preventing further movement towards said second position.

In certain embodiments said failure comprises a failure after startingsaid journey with the battery fully charged.

In certain embodiments said fulfilling a defined criterion, criteria,condition, or conditions comprises a number of said failures exceeding athreshold number.

In certain embodiments said battery is a lead-acid battery.

In certain embodiments the energy storage means comprises a firstbattery pack comprising a first pair of output terminals, a firstplurality of cells, arranged in electrical parallel with each other andcoupled to the first pair of output terminals, and a first protectioncircuit module arranged to monitor a first voltage across the parallelarrangement of the first plurality of cells and prevent furtherdischarge of the first plurality of cells when or if said first voltagefalls below a first threshold value, and wherein said at least onevoltage characteristic comprises said first voltage.

In certain embodiments said fulfilling a defined criterion, criteria,condition, or conditions comprises said first voltage falling below asecond threshold value, said second threshold value being higher thansaid first threshold value.

In certain embodiments the controller is adapted to prevent movement ofthe carriage assembly along the rail in a direction away from the firstcharging position but allow movement of the carriage assembly along therail in a direction towards the first charging position when said firstvoltage falls below a second threshold value, said second thresholdvalue being higher than said first threshold value.

In certain embodiments said at least one operational characteristic ofthe lift system comprises a failure of the carriage assembly to completea journey from the first charging position to a second position alongthe rail as a result of said first voltage falling below said secondthreshold value and the controller preventing further movement towardssaid second position.

In certain embodiments said failure comprises a failure after startingsaid journey with the first battery pack fully charged.

In certain embodiments said fulfilling a defined criterion, criteria,condition, or conditions comprises a number of said failures exceeding athreshold number.

In certain embodiments the energy storage means comprises a firstbattery (or first battery pack), having respective first and secondbattery terminals, and a second battery (or second battery pack), havingrespective first and second battery terminals, the first and secondbatteries (or battery packs) being connected in series with one anotherto supply a drive current to the drive means, wherein said at least onevoltage characteristic comprises a first voltage between (across) thefirst and second terminals of the first battery (or first battery pack)and a second voltage between (across) the first and second terminals ofthe second battery (or second battery pack).

In certain embodiments the first and second batteries (or first andsecond battery packs) are the same as each other (e.g. they are of thesame type as each other; they have the same technical specification;they have the same nominal voltage and capacity; they have the sameconstruction or configuration; and/or they are nominally identical toone another). The alert signal may then be generated in response to somedifference being detected in one or more characteristic of the twobatteries or packs.

In certain embodiments said fulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria,condition, or conditions comprises one of the first and second voltagesfalling below a threshold value.

In certain embodiments said fulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria,condition, or conditions comprises a difference between the first andsecond voltages exceeding a threshold value.

In certain embodiments said difference between the first and secondvoltages is a difference under zero load (i.e. no output current fromseries-connected batteries).

In certain embodiments said difference between the first and secondvoltages is a difference under load (i.e. with output current flowingfrom series-connected batteries).

In certain embodiments said difference between the first and secondvoltages is a difference between respective voltages to which thebatteries have recovered after being under load.

In certain embodiments said difference between the first and secondvoltages is a difference after charging the first and second batteriesin series and before loading (i.e. before drawing an output current todrive the drive means).

In certain embodiments said at least one voltage characteristic of theenergy storage means and/or at least one operational characteristic ofthe lift system comprises a respective recovery time for the voltageacross each pair of battery terminals to recover from a value under loadto a steady (static) value under zero load.

In certain embodiments said fulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria,condition, or conditions comprises the respective recovery timesdiffering by more than a threshold length.

In certain embodiments said at least one voltage characteristic of theenergy storage means and/or at least one operational characteristic ofthe lift system comprises a respective charge time for each battery.

In certain embodiments said fulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria,condition, or conditions comprises the respective charge times differingby more than a threshold length.

In certain embodiments the energy storage means comprises a battery orbattery pack, the at least one voltage characteristic of the energystorage means comprises a time taken for the battery or battery pack tocharge between predetermined voltages.

In certain embodiments said fulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria,condition, or conditions comprises said time taken exceeding a thresholdlength.

In certain embodiments said fulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria,condition, or conditions comprises said time taken exceeding a thresholdlength for more than a threshold number of charging cycles.

In certain embodiments the energy storage means comprises a battery orbattery pack, the at least one voltage characteristic of the energystorage means comprises a voltage across the battery or battery pack,and said fulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria, condition, orconditions comprises said voltage failing to reach a threshold valueafter a charging period.

In certain embodiments the energy storage means comprises a firstbattery or battery pack and a second battery or battery pack connectedin series with one another, the at least one voltage characteristic ofthe energy storage means comprises a first voltage across the firstbattery or battery pack and a second voltage across the second batteryor battery pack, and said fulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria,condition, or conditions comprises said first and second voltagesdiffering by more than a threshold value after a charging period.

In certain embodiments the control means is further arranged to monitordrive current supplied to the drive means from the energy storage means.

In certain embodiments the controller is further arranged to distinguishbetween journeys corresponding to different users from measurements ofthe drive current. In other words, the controller may be able toidentify the user for a particular journey based on past measurements ofload current for that same user.

In certain embodiments the control means is arranged to generate saidalert signal in response to a change in an average journey time for ajourney between one position and another position on the rail.

In certain embodiments the charging means (or charging apparatus,charger, charging system) is further arranged to charge said energystorage means when the carriage assembly is at a second chargingposition on the rail.

In certain embodiments the rail is arranged such that said secondcharging position is higher than said first charging position.

In certain embodiments the rail is a rail assembly, comprising aplurality of rail sections.

In certain embodiments the rail comprises at least one straight sectionsloping upwardly in a direction from the first charging position towardsthe second charging position.

In certain embodiments the rail comprises at least one curved section.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided alift system comprising:

a rail;

a carriage assembly comprising a seat or platform for supporting aperson to be conveyed along the rail, drive means arranged to engage therail and controllable to drive the carriage assembly along the rail, atleast a first battery pack (or module or unit) arranged to power thedrive means, input means operable by a user to provide an input signalindicative of a desired movement of the carriage assembly along therail, and control means arranged to receive said input signal andcontrol said drive means in response to said input signal; and

charging means arranged to charge said first battery pack when thecarriage assembly is at a first charging position on the rail (andoptionally when the carriage assembly is at a second charging positionon the rail),

wherein the first battery pack comprises a first pair of outputterminals, a first plurality of cells, arranged in electrical parallelwith each other and coupled to the first pair of output terminals, and afirst protection circuit module arranged to monitor a first voltageacross the parallel arrangement of the first plurality of cells andprevent further discharge of the first plurality of cells when or ifsaid first voltage falls below a first threshold, and said control meansis arranged to monitor a first output voltage, said first output voltagebeing a voltage across said first pair of output terminals, and preventmovement of the carriage assembly along the rail in a direction awayfrom the first charging position (e.g. towards the second chargingposition) but allow movement of the carriage assembly along the rail ina direction towards the first charging position when the carriageassembly is located away from the first charging position (e.g. betweenthe first and second charging positions, i.e. not at a chargingposition) and said first output voltage is above said first thresholdbut below a second threshold, where said second threshold is higher thansaid first threshold.

Thus, advantageously, movement of the carriage can be prevented beforethe battery pack shuts down, thereby avoiding potential battery damageand avoiding leaving a user stranded.

In certain embodiments each of said first plurality of cells is alithium-ion cell.

In certain embodiments the carriage assembly further comprises a secondbattery pack arranged to power the drive means and to be charged by thecharging means when the carriage assembly is at the first or secondcharging positions, wherein the second battery pack comprises s secondpair of output terminals, a second plurality of cells, arranged inelectrical parallel with each other and coupled to the second pair ofoutput terminals, and a second protection circuit module arranged tomonitor a second voltage (a second cell voltage) across the parallelarrangement of the second plurality of cells and prevent furtherdischarge of the second plurality of cells when/if said second voltagefalls below the first threshold, and said control means is arranged tomonitor said second output voltage, said second output voltage being avoltage across (between) the second pair of output terminals, andprevent movement of the carriage assembly along the rail in a directiontowards the second charging position but allow movement of the carriageassembly along the rail in a direction towards the first chargingposition when the carriage assembly is located between the first andsecond charging positions and said second output voltage is above saidfirst threshold but below said second threshold.

In certain embodiments each of said second plurality of cells is alithium-ion cell.

In certain embodiments the control means is arranged to provide an alertto a user of the carriage assembly in response to the first outputvoltage or the second output voltage falling below the second threshold.

In certain embodiments the control means is arranged to control thedrive means to automatically convey the carriage assembly to the firstcharging position in response to the first output voltage or the secondoutput voltage falling below the second threshold.

In certain embodiments the carriage assembly further comprises detectionmeans arranged to provide the control means with an indication of thecarriage assembly's position along the rail, and a memory arranged tostore control data for use by the control means to control movement ofthe carriage assembly along the rail.

In certain embodiments the first battery pack comprises a plurality ofcell packs, each cell pack comprising a respective plurality of cellsarranged in electrical parallel with each other, and the plurality ofcell packs being arranged in electrical series with one another betweenthe first pair of output terminals, wherein said first plurality ofcells are the respective plurality of cells of a first one of said cellpacks, said first voltage is a cell pack voltage across said first oneof said cell packs, and the first protection circuit module is arrangedto monitor a respective cell pack voltage across each cell pack andprevent further discharge of the respective plurality of cells if therespective cell pack voltage falls below said first (predetermined)threshold.

In certain embodiments the carriage assembly comprises a plurality ofbattery packs, including said first battery pack, each battery packarranged to power the drive means and to be charged by the chargingmeans when the carriage assembly is at the first or second chargingpositions, wherein each battery pack comprises a respective pair ofoutput terminals, a respective plurality of cells, arranged inelectrical parallel with each other and coupled to the respective pairof output terminals, and a respective protection circuit module arrangedto monitor a respective cell voltage across the parallel arrangement ofthe respective plurality of cells and prevent further discharge of therespective plurality of cells if said respective cell voltage fallsbelow the first threshold, and said control means is arranged to monitora respective output voltage across each respective pair of outputterminals, and prevent movement of the carriage assembly along the railin a direction towards the second charging position but allow movementof the carriage assembly along the rail in a direction towards the firstcharging position when the carriage assembly is located between thefirst and second charging positions and any one of said output voltagesis above said first threshold but below said second threshold.

In certain embodiments each battery pack comprises a respectiveplurality of cell packs, each cell pack comprising a respectiveplurality of cells arranged in electrical parallel with each other, andeach respective plurality of cell packs being arranged in electricalseries with one another between the respective pair of output terminals,and each respective protection circuit module is arranged to monitor arespective cell pack voltage across each respective cell pack andprevent further discharge of the respective plurality of cells if saidrespective cell pack voltage falls below the first threshold.

In certain embodiments the control means is further arranged to preventmovement of the carriage assembly away from the first charging positionwhen the carriage assembly is at the first charging position and atleast one of said output voltages (i.e. any one of the first outputvoltage, the second output voltage, or the plurality of output voltages)is below the second threshold.

In certain embodiments the control means is further arranged to preventmovement of the carriage assembly away from the first charging positionwhen the carriage assembly is at the first charging position and atleast one of the said output voltages (i.e. any one of the first outputvoltage, the second output voltage, or the plurality of output voltages)is below a third threshold, wherein the third threshold is higher thanthe second threshold.

Another aspect of the invention provides a lift system comprising:

a rail;

a carriage assembly comprising a seat or platform for supporting aperson to be conveyed along the rail, drive means (module, unit,assembly) arranged to engage the rail and controllable to drive thecarriage assembly along the rail, at least a first battery pack (ormodule or unit) arranged to power the drive means, input means(apparatus) operable by a user to provide an input signal indicative ofa desired movement of the carriage assembly along the rail, and controlmeans (e.g. at least one controller, control unit, or control module)arranged to receive said input signal and control said drive means inresponse to said input signal; and

charging means (or charging apparatus, charger, charging system)arranged to charge said first battery pack when the carriage assembly isat a first charging position on the rail (and optionally when thecarriage assembly is at a second charging position on the rail),

wherein the first battery pack comprises a first pair of outputterminals, and said control means is arranged to monitor a first outputvoltage, said first output voltage being a voltage across (between) saidfirst pair of output terminals, and prevent movement of the carriageassembly along the rail in a direction away from the first chargingposition (e.g. towards the second charging position) but allow movementof the carriage assembly along the rail in a direction towards the firstcharging position when the carriage assembly is located away from thefirst charging position (e.g. between the first and second chargingpositions, i.e. not at a charging position) and said first outputvoltage is below a threshold (e.g. a predetermined, or pre-setthreshold).

In certain embodiments the system comprises a plurality of said batterypacks and the control means is arranged to monitor a respective outputvoltage across each respective pair of output terminals and preventmovement of the carriage assembly along the rail in a direction awayfrom the first charging position (e.g. towards the second chargingposition) but allow movement of the carriage assembly along the rail ina direction towards the first charging position when the carriageassembly is located away from the first charging position (e.g. betweenthe first and second charging positions, i.e. not at a chargingposition) and any one of said output voltages is below said threshold.

Another aspect of the invention provides a lift system comprising:

a rail;

a carriage assembly comprising a seat or platform for supporting aperson to be conveyed along the rail, drive means arranged to engage therail and controllable to drive the carriage assembly along the rail, atleast a first battery pack (or module or unit) arranged to power thedrive means, input means operable by a user to provide an input signalindicative of a desired movement of the carriage assembly along therail, and control means arranged to receive said input signal andcontrol said drive means in response to said input signal; and

charging means arranged to charge said first battery pack when thecarriage assembly is at a first charging position on the rail, andoptionally when the carriage assembly is at a second charging positionon the rail,

wherein the first battery pack comprises a first pair of outputterminals, a first plurality of cells, arranged in electrical parallelwith each other and coupled to the first pair of output terminals, afirst circuit module (e.g. protection circuit module) arranged tomonitor a first voltage across the parallel arrangement of the firstplurality of cells and prevent further discharge of the first pluralityof cells when or if said first voltage falls below a first threshold,and a second circuit module arranged to monitor said first voltage andgenerate an output signal indicative of whether said first voltage isabove or below a second threshold, said second threshold being higherthan said first threshold,

and said control means is arranged to receive said output signal, and,if said output signal indicates that said first voltage is below thesecond threshold, prevent movement of the carriage assembly along therail in a direction away from the first charging position, for exampletowards the second charging position, but allow movement of the carriageassembly along the rail in a direction towards the first chargingposition when the carriage assembly is located away from the firstcharging position, for example between the first and second chargingpositions. Another aspect provides a corresponding method of operatingor controlling a lift system.

In certain embodiments the controller is further arranged, in responseto said output signal indicating that said first voltage is below thesecond threshold while the carriage assembly is travelling along therail at a first speed, to control the drive means to reduce the speed oftravel to a second speed.

In certain embodiments the controller is further arranged to monitorsaid output signal after reducing said speed of travel, and, if saidoutput signal indicates that the first voltage has risen above thesecond threshold as a result of said reducing, allowing movement of thecarriage assembly away from the first charging position, and, if saidoutput signal indicates that the first voltage is still below the secondthreshold after said reducing, preventing movement of the carriageassembly away from the first charging position but allowing movementtowards the first charging position.

In certain embodiments the lift system is a stairlift system installed,or for installation, to convey a person up and down stairs.

In certain embodiments the carriage assembly further comprises detectionmeans arranged to provide the control means with an indication of thecarriage assembly's position along the rail.

In certain embodiments the carriage assembly further comprises a memoryarranged to store control data for use by the control means to controlmovement of the carriage assembly along the rail.

In certain embodiments the carriage assembly further comprises aninclination detector arranged to provide the controller with anindication of an inclination of the rail at the current position of thecarriage assembly.

Another aspect of the invention provides a carriage assembly for(adapted for use in) a lift system in accordance with any one of theabove-mentioned aspects.

Another aspect of the invention provides a battery pack comprising afirst circuit module for shutting down the pack in response to detectinga cell voltage below a first threshold, and a second circuit modulearranged to provide an output signal indicative of whether a cellvoltage is above or below a second threshold, higher than the first.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of operating alift system comprising a rail, a carriage assembly comprising a seat orplatform for supporting a person to be conveyed along the rail, drivemeans (module, unit, assembly) arranged to engage the rail andcontrollable to drive the carriage assembly along the rail, energystorage means (or module or unit) arranged to power the drive means,input means (apparatus) operable by a user to provide an input signalindicative of a desired movement of the carriage assembly along therail, and control means (e.g. at least one controller, control unit, orcontrol module) arranged to receive said input signal and control saiddrive means in response to said input signal, and charging means (orcharging apparatus, charger, charging system) arranged to charge saidenergy storage means when the carriage assembly is at a first chargingposition on the rail, the method comprising:

monitoring at least one voltage characteristic of the energy storagemeans and/or at least one operational characteristic of the lift system,and generating an alert signal in response to one or more of saidcharacteristics, or a difference between one or more saidcharacteristics, fulfilling a defined criterion, criteria, condition, orconditions.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of operating a liftsystem comprising a rail, a carriage assembly comprising a seat orplatform for supporting a person to be conveyed along the rail, drivemeans (module, unit, assembly) arranged to engage the rail andcontrollable to drive the carriage assembly along the rail, at least afirst battery pack (or module or unit) arranged to power the drivemeans, input means (apparatus) operable by a user to provide an inputsignal indicative of a desired movement of the carriage assembly alongthe rail, and control means (e.g. at least one controller, control unit,or control module) arranged to receive said input signal and controlsaid drive means in response to said input signal, and charging means(or charging apparatus, charger, charging system) arranged to chargesaid first battery pack when the carriage assembly is at at least onecharging position on the rail, the method comprising:

monitoring an output voltage of the battery pack and automaticallyinhibiting movement of the carriage assembly (e.g. away from a chargingposition, such as a nearest charging position, or a charging positionreachable by expending a smallest amount of energy) if said outputvoltage is (or falls) below a threshold.

In certain embodiments of the aspect described immediately above, saidthreshold is a second threshold, the battery pack comprises a first pairof output terminals, a first plurality of cells, arranged in electricalparallel with each other and coupled to the first pair of outputterminals, and a first protection circuit module arranged to monitor afirst voltage across the parallel arrangement of the first plurality ofcells and prevent further discharge of the first plurality of cells whenor if said first voltage falls below a first threshold, said outputvoltage of the battery pack is a voltage across said first pair ofoutput terminals, and said second threshold is higher than said firstthreshold.

Features of any one aspect or embodiment may be incorporated in anyother aspect or embodiment with corresponding advantage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 is a highly schematic representation of a lift system, in theform of a stairlift, embodying the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a battery pack or module for usein embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an arrangement of a controllerand two battery packs for use in certain embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a rail used in certainembodiments of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of part of another lift systemembodying the invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a modular rail assembly for usein certain embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of another modular rail assemblyfor use in embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of another modular rail assemblyand charging means for use in certain embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of another modular rail assemblywhich may be used in embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 10 is a diagram of another battery module (or pack), incorporatinga plurality of multi-cell power packs, or blocks, which may be used inembodiments of the invention;

FIG. 11 is a graph of the discharge performance of a block of cells in abattery module suitable for use in embodiments;

FIG. 12 is a diagram of the controller and two series-connected batterymodules used in certain embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 13 is a highly schematic representation of another lift system, inthe form of a stairlift, embodying an aspect of the invention;

FIG. 14 is a highly schematic representation of yet another lift system,in the form of a stairlift, embodying an aspect of the invention;

FIG. 15 illustrates voltage and current measurements in certain aspectsof the invention for monitoring battery voltage characteristics and liftsystem operational characteristics;

FIG. 16 illustrates a battery pack suitable for use in certainembodiments of the invention;

FIG. 17 illustrates a battery pack suitable for use in embodiments ofthe invention; and

FIG. 18 illustrates circuitry which may be incorporated in embodimentsof the invention comprising two batteries or battery packs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Referring now to FIG. 1, this shows a lift system 100, in the form of astairlift, embodying the invention and comprising: at least one rail 1;a carriage assembly 2 comprising a seat or platform 21 for supporting aperson to be conveyed along the rail, drive means 3 arranged to engagethe rail and controllable to drive the carriage assembly along the rail,at least a first battery pack (module) 4 (as shown in FIG. 2) arrangedto power the drive means, input means 5 operable by a user to provide aninput signal indicative of a desired movement of the carriage assemblyalong the rail, and control means (e.g. a controller) 6 arranged toreceive said input signal and control said drive means in response tosaid input signal; and charging means 7 arranged to charge said firstbattery pack when the carriage assembly is at a first charging positionCP1 on the rail and when the carriage assembly is at a second chargingposition CP2 on the rail, wherein the first battery pack comprises afirst pair of output terminals 41, 42, a first plurality of cells 43,arranged in electrical parallel with each other and coupled to the firstpair of output terminals, and a first protection circuit module 44arranged to monitor a first voltage (which may be described as a firstcell voltage) across the parallel arrangement of the first plurality ofcells and prevent further discharge of the first plurality of cellswhen/if said first voltage falls below a first (predetermined)threshold, and said control means is arranged to monitor a first outputvoltage VO1 (that being the output voltage across or between the firstpair of output terminals 41, 42) and prevent movement of the carriageassembly along the rail in a direction towards the second chargingposition but allow movement of the carriage assembly along the rail in adirection towards the first charging position when the carriage assemblyis located between the first and second charging positions and the firstoutput voltage is above said first threshold but below a secondthreshold, where said second threshold is higher than said firstthreshold.

In this embodiment, the rail 1 in the form of a single unit which issubstantially straight and is installed such that it extends upwardsfrom a first end 1001 to a second end 1002 with a constant gradient.However, it will be appreciated that in other embodiments the rail mayhave different forms, may include straight sections, curved sections,horizontal sections, sections with changing gradients, sections withconstant gradients, or indeed any combinations of such sections. Incertain embodiments the “rail” may in fact comprise a plurality ofrails, such as a pair of rails, along which the carriage assembly may bearranged to travel Thus, in alternative embodiments the rail may bemodular, and may be a rail assembly comprising a plurality of sections,portions, or rails assembled together.

Returning to the current embodiment, the seat or platform 21 comprises aseat having a back portion 211 and a base portion 212 for supporting auser seated on the seat 21. The drive means, or module, 3 comprises anelectric motor, powered from the battery module 4 under the control ofthe control means 6, which has a rotor shaft 31 connected to a toothedgear 32 which is arranged to engage a toothed portion 1010 of the rail 1(only a part of which is shown on the figure for clarity) such thatrotation of the motor drives the carriage assembly 2 along the rail 1.Alternative embodiments may, of course, employ different forms of drivemeans, and the invention, in its broadest sense, is not limited to usingany particular form of drive means.

In its first embodiment, the input means 5 comprises a base 52 and joystick 51 operable by the user, seated on the seat 21, to provide aninput signal indicative of a desired direction of movement along therail. In alternative embodiments, different forms of input means may beemployed, such as remote control units or handsets, keypads, input unitswith a plurality of control keys or buttons etc., and it will beappreciated that the invention in its broadest sense is not limited tousing any particular form of input means.

The carriage assembly further comprises a connector or connection means8 arranged to engage and provide electrical connection to thecorresponding connectors or connection means 721, 722 of the chargingmeans 7 when the carriage assembly is located either at the first, orlower, charge point CP1, or the second, or upper, charge point CP2. Theconnector 8 of the carriage assembly in this example comprises a pair ofconnection terminals 81 which engage with the corresponding connectionterminals 73 of the lower charging means connector 721 or the uppercharging connector 722 when the carriage assembly is at the first orsecond charging positions CP1, CP2 respectively. The charging means 7 inthis embodiment comprises a first, or lower charging station 711,coupled to the lower charging point connector 721 and arranged to supplycurrent to charge the battery module 4, via the coupled terminals 73 and81 when the carriage assembly is in the first charging position CP1. Thecharging means also comprises a second charging station 712 (which mayalso be described as a second charging module or upper charging module)arranged to supply current to charge the battery module 4 when thecarriage assembly is in the upper charge position CP2 and the terminals73 of the upper charging connector 722 are coupled with (i.e. in contactwith) the terminals 81 of the carriage assembly connector 8.

The carriage assembly in this embodiment further comprises a memory ormemory means 10 adapted to store data used by the control means in thecontrol of the movement of the carriage assembly along the rail. Thisdata may include data indicative, for example, of the slope of the rail,the length of the rail, a map of the rail (particularly in embodimentswhere the slope and/or shape of the rail is not constant along itslength), and data indicative of the programmed or appropriate speed oftravel of the carriage assembly along the rail at different positionsalong its length. The carriage assembly also comprises a detector ordetection means 9 operable to provide the control means with anindication of the instantaneous position of the carriage assembly alongthe rail, and/or the instantaneous slope and/or curvature of the rail,and/or the instantaneous speed of travel along the rail. The controlmeans is adapted to use the signal from the detection means 9 inconjunction with data from the memory 10 to control the speed of travelof the carriage assembly along the rail in response to user input, forexample by automatically slowing the carriage assembly down as itapproaches one of the charging positions CP1, CP2.

In FIG. 1 the carriage assembly 2 is shown at an intermediate position,IP, between the upper and lower charging positions CP1 and CP2.

Referring now to FIG. 2, this shows the battery unit 4 of the carriageassembly for the system of FIG. 1 in more detail. The battery module 4comprises a plurality of cells 43 connected in electrical parallel withone another, between the positive and negative output terminals 41, 42of the battery module 4. The battery module further comprises a firstprotection circuit module 44 arranged to monitor a first voltage V1across the parallel arrangement of the plurality of cells 43 and preventfurther discharge of the plurality of cells 43 if that first voltage V1falls below a first, predetermined threshold. To achieve this, the firstprotection circuit module 41 comprises a controllable switching device46, in the form of an FET in this example, and a control circuit 45arranged to monitor the voltage V1 across the cells 43 and open thecontrollable switching device 46 by means of supplying an appropriatecontrol voltage to its gate terminal if that voltage V1 falls below thepredetermined first threshold. Effectively, the protection circuitmodule 44 disconnects the parallel arrangement of battery cells 43 fromthe output terminals 41, 42 when the voltage across those cells fallsbelow the predetermined threshold. Thus, further discharge of the cellsis prevented, and hence damage to the cells is prevented. In thisparticular embodiment, the cells are lithium-ion cells (Li-ion cells).However, alternative embodiments may employ different cells andbatteries, including, but not limited to, NiCd, NiMH, Lithium Poly, andlead-acid.

It will be appreciated that when the controllable switching device 46 isin the conducting state, and the parallel arrangement of cells 43 isconnected to the output terminals 41, 42 of the battery module, thecontrol means 6 connected to the battery module 4 is thus able tomonitor the voltage V1 across the cells, as, in this example, whichcomprises just one “pack” of parallel-connected cells, the outputvoltage VO1 across the output terminals 41, 42 is substantially equal tothe cell voltage V1. In alternative embodiments, such as that describedbelow with reference to FIG. 10, a number of series-connected cell packsmay be employed, in which case the output voltage is not equal to thecell voltage across just one of the packs. Returning to the firstembodiment, as mentioned above, the control means is further arranged sothat if it detects the output voltage (equal to voltage V1 in thisexample) dropping below a second predetermined threshold (that secondpredetermined threshold being higher than the first predeterminedthreshold at which the protection circuit module 44 “disconnects” thecells and prevents further discharge) the control means in this exampleis arranged to prevent movement of the carriage assembly upwards alongthe rail towards the second charging position CP2, even if a useroperates the input means 5 to indicate that further upward motion isdesired. In this way, before the integral protection circuit module 44of the battery unit 4 effectively disconnects the battery cells (whichwould result in the carriage assembly stopping on the rail withoutwarning and not being able to move further) the control means is able todetect that the battery pack output voltage is getting dangerously lowand prevent further upward movement before that automatic shut-downsituation is reached. When the output voltage VO1 has fallen below thesecond (upper) threshold, but is still above the first (lower)threshold, the controller is arranged so that it allows only downwardmovement of the carriage assembly along the rail, towards the lowercharging point CP1, this downward movement of course consuming lesspower than upward movement. In certain embodiments, when the controllerdetects that the battery module output voltage VO1 has fallen below thesecond, upper threshold when the carriage assembly is at an intermediateposition, labelled IP in FIG. 1, it simply may allow the user only tomove in the downward direction (in other words the user may simplyreceive no response to an input signal indicating a desire to moveupwards, but in response to an input signal indicating a desire to movedownwards the carriage assembly may move in that direction).Alternatively, in certain other embodiments when the control meansdetects this condition, it may provide the user with a suitableindication, alerting the user to the fact that upward movement is notpermitted, and indicating that the user should instead operate the inputmeans to move the carriage assembly downwards to the lower chargingposition CP1. In further alternative embodiments, when the control meansdetects this condition it may automatically control the drive means toconvey the carriage assembly down to the lower charging position CP1.When it reaches that position the controller may then cause the carriageassembly to remain at that position CP1 until the battery module 4 issufficiently charged to enable travel up the rail to the upper chargingpoint CP2. This may involve the control means monitoring the batteryoutput voltage VO1 to detect when it exceeds the second predeterminedthreshold. Alternatively, the controller may be arranged to allow upwardmovement of the carriage assembly from the lower charge position CP1upwards towards the upper charge position CP2 only when the batteryoutput voltage VO1 has exceeded a third predetermined threshold, higherthan the second threshold, where that third predetermined threshold hasbeen selected as corresponding to a level of charge sufficient toprovide the energy for conveying the carriage assembly all the way tothe upper charge point CP2.

Referring now to FIG. 3, this shows a controller (or control means) 6and battery module arrangement suitable for use in certain embodimentsof the invention. Here, the carriage assembly comprises first and secondbattery modules 4 a, 4 b respectively, each comprising a respective pairof output terminals 41 a, 42 a and 41 b, 42 b, a respective plurality ofcells 43 a, 43 b, and a respective protection circuit module 44 a, 44 b,where the components of the protection circuit modules and connectionsbetween the components and battery terminals 41, 42 are as shown in thearrangement of FIG. 2. In this arrangement of FIG. 3, the controller 6is arranged to monitor the output voltage VO1 a of the first batterymodule (which is equal to the voltage V1 a across the first plurality ofcells 43 a) and the output voltage VO1 b of the second battery module(which is equal to the voltage V1 b across the second plurality of cells43 b). If either of these output voltages VO1 a, VO1 b drops below thesecond predetermined threshold then the controller is arranged toprevent further upward movement of the carriage assembly along the rail,and instead allow only movement in the downward direction, toward thelower charge point CP1. In this way, the carriage assembly is able toreach the lower charge point CP1 without either of the battery modules 4a, 4 b being shut down by its respective protection circuit module 44 a,44 b.

Thus, it will be appreciated that embodiments of the invention mayemploy a single battery module, or a plurality of battery modules (e.g.2, 3, or more).

In certain embodiments the battery pack is adapted to provide a warningsignal itself. Certain embodiments employ battery packs with modifiedPCMs 44, where each battery pack produces a warning signal (at a cellpack voltage at least a little higher than the threshold voltage atwhich the PCM nay shut the pack down) which the controller then uses tocontrol/inhibit movement (e.g. prevent upward movement). In suchembodiments, the controller may not need to monitor battery outputvoltage. Instead, it may inhibit movement in response to receiving thewarning signal or alert from any one of the PCMs 44. Thus, each PCM maybe arranged to shut down the respective battery pack at a firstcell-pack threshold voltage, but before reaching that shut-downcondition, emit a warning or alert signal to the controller in responseto a cell-pack voltage ailing below a second (higher) threshold voltage.Thus, the controller may, even without monitoring output voltagedirectly, receive an early indication of low-battery condition, and thusbe able to inhibit motion and prevent battery pack shutdown, damage, andstranding of a user at an intermediate position.

Referring now to FIG. 4, this is a highly schematic representation of amodular rail 1 which may be used in embodiments of the invention. Therail 1 comprises a plurality of rail sections 11 which are joined toprovide the overall rail assembly along which a carriage may beconveyed. The rail 1 of FIG. 4 can be described as a horizontal railwith 0° inclination. In certain embodiments, each section 11 may bestraight. In alternative embodiments, one or more, or indeed all, of thesections 11 may be curved. When used in an embodiment of the invention,the controller, when the carriage assembly is at charge point CP1, or isat a position closer to charge point CP1 than CP2, may prevent movementof the carriage assembly towards charge point CP2 if the battery outputvoltage is below the appropriate threshold voltage. For example, if thedistance between CP1 and CP2 is very large, and the carriage assembly isarranged so that it knows its current position along the rail assembly,a determination can be made, according to the battery output voltage,whether the carriage would be able to reach charge point CP2, or justCP1. Movement of the carriage assembly may then be automaticallycontrolled, according to the determination of the battery outputvoltage.

Referring to FIG. 5, this is another highly schematic representation ofanother stair lift system embodiment the invention. Here, rather thanthere being direct electrical contact between terminals on the carriageassembly and terminals at the charge points, the charging method isinductive (i.e. contactless). Each charging station 711, 712 comprises arespective induction coil 701, 702 by means of which a time-varyingmagnetic field can be generated. When the carriage assembly is at chargepoint CP1 a corresponding induction coil 601, coupled to the controlmeans 6, senses the changing magnetic field generated by the chargingstation 1. A charging voltage and current can thus be induced in thecarriage assembly, which the control means is able to direct so as tocharge the battery pack or packs. In this example, the rail 1 isinclined at a fixed inclination according to the side view. The rail mayor may not have curved sections, according to different embodiments.

Referring now to FIG. 6, this shows a multi-sectional rail 1 which maybe used in certain embodiments of the invention. It is a combination ofa first inclined rail section 101, a horizontal section 102, followed byanother inclined section 103 which may have a different inclination tothe first inclined section 101. Again, in certain embodiments, such railsystems may or may not have curved sections.

Referring now to FIG. 7, this shows another multi-sectional railassembly which may be used in embodiments of the invention. The systemcomprises a first rail section 101 having positive slope, a secondhorizontal rail section 102, and a third inclined rail section 103 ofnegative slope. Charge point 1 is at the lower end of the first section,and charge point 2 is at the lower end of the third section 103. Inembodiments incorporating such rails, the controller may be arranged sothat it inhibits movement away from either charge point CP1 or chargepoint CP2 if the battery output voltage is below the secondpredetermined threshold voltage (or other appropriate threshold voltage,in alternative embodiments of the invention) as any such movement wouldentail travelling first of all in an upwards direction. The carriageassembly may be adapted so that it knows its position along the rail,and/or can detect the slope of the portion of rail on which it iscurrently situated. Thus, when the carriage assembly is on thehorizontal section of the rail it may know this, and if the batteryoutput voltage (or one of the battery output voltages) falls below therelevant threshold, the controller may still permit movement of thecarriage assembly, in response to user input, towards either the firstcharge point CP1 or the second charge point CP2, as either journey willinvolve just travel along a horizontal portion and then down along aninclined portion of the rail system.

Referring now to FIG. 8, this shows part of another stair lift systemembodying the invention comprising a multi-sectional rail assembly and acharging system comprising a charging power supply 730 and threecharging stations 721, 722, 723, with corresponding charge points CP1,CP2, and CP3. The rail assembly comprises two horizontal portions 102and 104, and three inclined sections 101, 103, and 105. Again, incertain embodiments, such rail systems may or may not have curvedsections. If a low battery output voltage condition is detected whilethe carriage assembly is on horizontal section 102, the controller maybe arranged still to allow movement towards either CP1 or CP2, as eachjourney involves no travel in an upwards direction. However, thecontroller may be arranged such that in response to detecting a lowbattery output voltage condition when the carriage assembly is onhorizontal section 101, or more particularly at charge point 3, itprevents movement of the carriage assembly upwards along either section103 or section 105. Thus, in certain embodiments, the controller maycombine pre-knowledge of the rail profile with measurements of thebattery pack output voltage to automatically inhibit motion of thecarriage assembly along the rail under certain conditions.

Referring now to FIG. 9, this shows another rail system 1 which may beused in embodiments of the invention. The rail 1 extends upwardly from afirst charge point CP1, with two straight inclined sections 11SI. Therail then continues upwardly and curves to the left, in curved inclinedsection 11CI, and then extends to the upper charge point CP2 alongstraight, non-inclined section 11S.

Referring now to FIG. 10, this shows another battery pack (which mayalso be called a battery module) which may be used in embodiments of theinvention. It will also be appreciated that certain embodiments of theinvention may incorporate a plurality of battery packs of the typedescribed with reference to FIG. 10. The battery pack 4 is constructedfrom numerous individual cells 43 connected in a series/parallel format,as shown. One, or a plurality of cells 43 are connected in parallel toform a plurality of power cells 47 (or cell packs) in order to boost thecurrent capacity of the battery pack. Thus, each cell pack comprises arespective plurality of cells connected in electrical parallel, and eachcell pack 47 has a respective cell pack voltage V1 a, V1 b, etc. One, ora plurality of power cells 47 are connected in series to define thevoltage output of the battery pack. Thus, in this example, a pluralityof cell packs 47 are connected in electrical series between the batterypack output terminals 41, 42, such that, when the transistor 46 isconducting, the voltage at the battery output terminals VO1 is equal tothe sum of the cell pack voltages. The control circuit (45) is arrangedto monitor the voltage of the cells 43 in each power pack 47, thusmeasuring cell pack voltages V1 a, V1 b, V1 c . . . V1 n. If the voltageof any cell 43 in any power cell (cell pack) 47 falls below the controlcircuit threshold (I.e. the first threshold) then the switching device46 will be controlled to disable the battery pack output. The controller6 of the carriage assembly monitors the external voltage, i.e. theoutput voltage VO1, and uses that voltage to determine whether or not toinhibit movement of the carriage assembly, before any of the cell packstriggers the battery pack to shut down.

Further detail on how the controller monitors battery output voltage(s)and controls/inhibits movement in embodiments of the invention is asfollows.

As previously described with reference to FIG. 10, the battery packs incertain embodiments consist of 3 or 4 cells wired in parallel as a blockwith four of the blocks wired in series to form the complete batterypack. For certain battery packs the PCM circuit 44 has a shutdownspecification of 2.8V for the voltage of a block (i.e. cell packvoltage). This would suggest that the shutdown output voltage for thebattery pack as a whole would be 4*2.8=11.2V. However during testing itwas found that battery packs could shut down at battery output voltagesof 12.65V or higher when subjected to a 2 A load. Not all the cells inthe battery pack will be identical so a rogue cell could cause an earlyPCM shut down. A graph of the discharge performance of a typical blockis given in FIG. 11.

The voltage drop against time is reasonably constant for various loadsbut drops rapidly as the voltage falls below 3.2V. This would suggest asecond threshold voltage of 4*3.2=12.8V which is only just above the PCMshut down voltage seen in the bench tests with real batteries.

The choice of second threshold voltage has to be balanced between toohigh a value, where the low battery fault is triggered too early,reducing the number of journeys achievable with a fully charged pack, ortoo low where there is risk of PCM shutdown. The final value wasdetermined by experiments on representative lifts and the number ofsuccessful journeys. The chosen second threshold voltage is 13.5V incertain embodiments.

The third threshold voltage which may be used by the controller todetermine whether to prevent the lift moving away from the bottom chargepoint until the battery has been substantially recharged is set at 1.4Vabove the second threshold in certain embodiments, i.e. at 14.9V.

With regard to monitoring the battery output voltages, in certainembodiments the battery pack voltages are sampled at a rate of 1300samples per second, and eight samples are averaged so the effective newdata rate is approximately 162 readings per second. The conversions areperformed continuously; it does not matter what the lift is doing. Thesample rate is high, and may be set at such a value to suit the analogueto digital subsystem which may need to monitor other signals thisfrequently.

In certain embodiments the measured voltage is compared to the thresholdvoltages with an accuracy of 0.1V. The resolution of the measurementtherefore needs to be in the order of 0.02V over a measured range of 0to 33V (see below). A resolution of 1 in 1650. This can be challengingfor an average microprocessor, so in certain embodiments the analogue todigital conversion for the battery voltage is calibrated using knownvoltages and a least squares technique to achieve the required accuracyand resolution.

Referring now to FIG. 12, this shows part of a lift system embodying theinvention, comprising a controller 6 and two battery packs 4A, 4Bconnected in electrical series between controller input terminals 61 and62. In this embodiment the two battery packs have the samespecification. With regard to the question of monitoring two batterypacks, which, in general, will not discharge at precisely the same rateas each other, in certain embodiments two battery packs are wired inseries (as shown in FIG. 12) to achieve the required 32V for the motors.Without controller intervention, one or other of the packs will shutdown first. Measuring the 32V with one ‘voltmeter’ would be insufficientto determine whether a pack was about to shut down due to differences inthe pack performance. The second threshold value would have to be seteven higher to accommodate the variation between packs. Therefore, insuch embodiments, the voltage of each pack is measured. The controller 6(or controller board) in certain embodiments measures two voltages asfollows (with reference to FIG. 12):

V1 is the output voltage (VO1 b) of pack 4 b, V2 is the output voltageof pack 4 b plus pack 4 a so the pack 4 a output voltage VO1 a is V2minus V1. Hence V2 needs to measure more than 33V with a 0.02Vresolution in certain embodiments. Controller 6 thus receives batterycurrent via its terminals 61 and 62, with terminal 63 being used toenable monitoring of the individual battery pack output voltages.

An alternative differential analogue to digital converter could be usedwhere the A/D has two wires per measurement channel and converts thevoltage between the two wires rather that the voltage between a singlewire and ground (0V). In this case the voltage across pack 4 a could bemeasured directly.

In certain embodiments the magnitude of the second threshold voltage isset so as to ensure that the combined battery packs had enough storedenergy to enable the carriage assembly to reach the lower charge point.The second threshold voltage may be quite high to accommodate thevariation in cell performance as discussed above. For a loaded lift thecurrent demand moving upwards in certain embodiments is about 20 A;moving down it will be about 2-3 A. The probability of reaching a lowercharge point is therefore high.

In certain embodiments the threshold voltage does not take account ofthe track topology. In certain embodiments the second threshold may beset by an engineer with the necessary interface equipment to alter thestored threshold voltage on the controller board.

Methods embodying the invention may be applied to straight lift, curvedlifts, and lifts incorporating both straight and curved sections

Certain straight lifts use Lead Acid batteries, and like NiCd/NiMhbatteries the battery output will just degrade rather than shut down asthe batteries do not contain a PCM. Methods embodying the invention maythus be used to monitor the battery voltage in straight stairlifts toprevent the lift stopping halfway up the track.

It will be appreciated that in certain embodiments the PCM will shutdown the battery pack when the output voltage falls below a thresholdvoltage, which may also be described as a trigger voltage. However, thebattery voltage is monitored by the stairlift electronics and thecircuit can predict the imminent PCM battery shut down as the batteryvoltage approaches the trigger point. When a potential shut down hasbeen detected the stairlift can prevent chair movements in the upwarddirection. Instead only downward movements are allowed. A downwardmovement does not consume appreciable battery charge due to theassistance of gravity and a successful journey to a bottom chargingpoint is likely to be successful. Once on the lower charge point thebatteries can be recharged. The stairlift in certain embodiments willnot allow the chair to move away from the charging point until thebattery has recharged to a sufficient level indicated by a batteryvoltage significantly above the trigger voltage.

Certain embodiments use two Lithium battery packs, each with its ownPCM. The stairlift monitors the voltage of each pack individually todetect which battery pack is about to shut down and hence suspend upwardmovements.

It will be appreciated that although certain embodiments of theinvention have been described with reference to lithium ion batteries,techniques disclosed in this application are also applicable to nickelcadmium and NIMH and indeed other batteries with or without a protectioncircuit module. At least some of these batteries will just stop workingwhen depleted, rather than being actively shut down. When using suchbatteries, embodiments of the invention may use a battery output voltagemeasurement to restrict upward movements when the battery is nearlyempty, providing the same user benefits as will be apparent fromelsewhere in the specification with reference to systems employinglithium ion batteries with protection circuit modules.

Referring again to FIG. 1, although that figure was described above inrelation to an embodiment in which the battery pack 4 was of a typeshown in FIG. 2, and comprised a protection circuit module 45,alternative embodiments having the general configuration of FIG. 1 mayutilise different battery packs, with or without protection circuitmodules 45. Thus, in one such alternative embodiment, the battery, orbattery pack, 4 comprises one or more cells coupled between the batteryoutput terminals, but no controllable switching device 46 or protectioncircuit module 44. The battery module may, in certain embodiments,simply be a battery having output terminals. Thus, in such batterymodules there is nothing that would actively shut down the battery orpack in response to a low voltage (e.g. low cell voltage) condition. Inembodiments incorporating such batteries or battery packs, the controlmeans is arranged to monitor the output voltage of the battery orbattery pack, and use that battery output voltage to determine whetheror not to restrict, inhibit, or prevent movement of the carriageassembly under user input, depending on the current conditions orcircumstances, as described above in relation to other embodiments.Thus, if the battery output voltage is below a predetermined threshold,then movement in an upward direction may be prevented and/or movementaway from a charge point may be prevented, for example.

Referring now to FIG. 13, this shows another lift system embodyinganother aspect of the invention. It has many features and components incommon with the system shown in FIG. 1 and described above, and ratherthan repeating their description the reader is referred to that earlierdescription. The lift system of FIG. 13 again comprises a rail 1, acarriage assembly 2 comprising a seat or platform for supporting aperson to be conveyed along the rail, drive means 3 (module, unit,assembly) arranged to engage the rail and controllable to drive thecarriage assembly along the rail, and energy storage means (or module orunit) arranged to power the drive means. In this example the energystorage means comprises first and second batteries or battery packs 4 a,4 b, each having a respective pair of first 41 a, 41 b and second 42 a,42 b output terminals, and each having the same technical specification.The two batteries or battery packs are connected in series to provide(under control of the control means) a drive current to the drive means3. Again the system comprises input means and control means (e.g. atleast one controller, control unit, or control module) and chargingmeans (or charging apparatus, charger, charging system) arranged tocharge said energy storage means at least when the carriage assembly isat a first charging position CP1 on the rail. The control means isarranged to monitor at least one voltage characteristic of the energystorage means and/or at least one operational characteristic of thestair lift, and generate an alert signal in response to one or more ofsaid characteristics, or a difference between one or more saidcharacteristics, fulfilling a defined criterion, criteria, condition, orconditions. In this example the monitored voltage characteristicsinclude a first voltage across (i.e. between) the terminals 41 a, 42 aof the first battery and a second voltage across the terminals 41 b, 42b of the second battery. Thus, the control means monitors the voltageacross each battery, under various conditions, including during andafter charging, under zero load, under load, and during recovery afterload. The control means may monitor these voltages before, during, andafter each journey, and log the data it collects in the memory 10. Thismonitoring of at least one voltage characteristic of the energy storagemeans and/or at least one operational characteristic of the stair lift,and generation of an alert signal in response to one or more of saidcharacteristics, or a difference between one or more saidcharacteristics, fulfilling a defined criterion, criteria, condition, orconditions, may also be employed in embodiments as described above withrespect to FIGS. 1 to 12 (i.e. it may be employed in addition to thosefeatures relating to prevention of movement away from a charge point toavoid the user being stranded).

In the embodiment of FIG. 13 the carriage assembly further comprisesindicating means 600 (e.g. an indicator) operable by the controller toprovide the alert signal, or an indication that the alert signal hasbeen generated, to a user of the system. The indicator may provide thealert signal or indication in any suitable form, for example a visualindication, an audible indication, a haptic indication, or anycombination of such forms. The user may thus be alerted to a degradationin performance of one or both of the batteries or battery packs, so thatshe/he may contact a source of assistance before degradation reaches alevel at which the user is stranded.

In this embodiment, the carriage assembly further comprises transmittingmeans in the form of a transceiver 602, by means of which the controllercan transmit the alert signal, or an indication that the alert signalhas been generated, to a remote location (for example a service ormaintenance support centre). An engineer may then be sent out to replaceat least one of the batteries/battery packs before failure occurs. Thetransceiver may also be used to receive signals from remote locations,for use by the control means and/or for providing to the user.

The carriage assembly further comprises an interface 601 by means ofwhich an engineer attending the system may interrogate the control meansand memory storing a log of data (for example including the voltagemeasurements, and one or more alert signals, or data indicativethereof). The interface may be short range wireless, or require physicalconnection (for example a plug and socket arrangement). By means of theinterface 601, a visiting engineer may determine whether an alert signalhas been generated, and may also obtain further information regardingthe circumstances leading to generation of that alert signal. Theengineer may also be provided with an indication of which of the twobatteries or battery packs has degraded the most. However, it maygenerally be preferable to replace both batteries/packs at the sametime.

The control means 6 may be arranged to implement one or more of aplurality of battery monitoring techniques to generate an alert signal(i.e. a signal indicative of a fault), as will be described below. Oneof these techniques is to monitor a difference in voltage or voltagecharacteristics between the two batteries/packs as, advantageously, bothbatteries are subject to the same operational conditions, and as onebattery/pack will tend to degrade/fail first (rather than both failingtogether), monitoring that difference (indicative of relativeperformance) is a reliable and easy way to spot degradation of onebattery early, rather than looking at absolute performance indicators.

In FIG. 14, the control means has separate connections to the terminal41 a, terminal 42 b, and the connected terminals 42 a, 41 b. Thus thecontrol means can monitor the voltages across each battery individually.

FIG. 15 is a further illustration of battery measurement techniques inembodiments of the invention, such as that shown in FIG. 13, with energystorage means comprising a plurality of batteries/packs connected inseries. FIG. 15 illustrates part of a lift powered by two batterieswired in series. The two batteries power the main motor (i.e. of thedrive means). An additional low value resistor R is included to measurethe motor current flow. The diagram illustrates the availablemeasurements. The three voltages (V1, V2, V3) are sampled, for exampleat a rate greater than 1000 samples per second. In certain embodimentsgroups of samples (e.g. eight samples) are averaged to give an effectivenew data rate. If the sampling rate is 1000 per second, and eightsamples are averaged to produce each new piece of data, then theeffective new data rate is greater than 100 readings per second. Theconversions (A to D) are performed continuously in certain embodiments.The battery voltage readings may be calibrated during PCB testingresulting in an accuracy of 0.1V and a resolution of 0.02V, for example.

The individual voltages for the two batteries may be determined asfollows. V1 is the voltage of battery 1, V2 is the voltage of battery 1plus battery 2 so the battery 2 voltage is V2 minus V1.

The motor current is proportional to the V3 voltage across the low valuecurrent sense resistor. The V3 voltage is amplified before being appliedto the A/D converter.

In certain embodiments the two batteries (or battery packs) may benominally identical, having the same specification, and the system maylook for differences in battery characteristics/performance as anindication of degradation. In alternative embodiments, the two batteriesmay be different, and instead of monitoring differences incharacteristics/performance, one or more characteristic of each batterymay be monitored against one or more respective criterion or condition.

Referring now to FIG. 14, this illustrates another lift system embodyingan aspect of the invention. This embodiment is the same as that shown inFIG. 13, except that now the energy storage means comprises a singlebattery or battery pack 4, having output terminals 41, 42. The controlmeans is arranged to monitor at least one voltage characteristic(including the voltage across the terminals 41, 42) of the energystorage means and/or at least one operational characteristic of thestair lift (or, more particularly, of its carriage assembly), andgenerate an alert signal in response to one or more of saidcharacteristics, or a difference between one or more saidcharacteristics, fulfilling a defined criterion, criteria, condition, orconditions. Again, features of the embodiment of FIG. 14 may be employedin embodiments also in accordance with those illustrated in FIGS. 1 to12. As this embodiment employs just a single battery or battery pack 4,the control means cannot look for differences in voltage characteristicsbetween that battery/pack and another to provide a trigger forgenerating an alert signal. However, the control means may still employone or more of a number of the techniques described below, as will beapparent.

Fault Indication

Each of the battery monitoring techniques listed below, which may beemployed in embodiments of the present invention utilising one or aplurality of batteries or battery packs, as appropriate, may be used togenerate an alert signal (i.e. may result in a signal indication of afault). The indication in certain embodiments may be presented visually,for example on a 7 segment display of the carriage assembly, or via amessage sent to a remote location using wireless or other transmissionmethods. Additionally, logs within the lift may be maintained to allow aservice engineer to access the fault history.

Detection of a Failing Battery

A list of possible failure modes and the method of detection is givenbelow. The list is in no particular order, and embodiments may employone of these techniques, or a combination of two or more of thesetechniques, in the generation of alert signals and/or control ofmovement of the carriage assembly along the rail.

1. Upward Transit Time

If the duration of a journey from the bottom of the track to the topincreases over time then a degradation of the battery performance can bedetected.

Method: Measure the battery starting voltage, average current andtransit time. Discard the readings unless the journey starts with afully charged battery. The transit time will depend on the weight of thepassenger. The technique considers similar average current demands tobuild a table of results which would group readings for each passenger.If the lift is habitually used by only one or two clients (plusunloaded) the lift can determine which passenger is using the lift andmonitor the readings over a large number of movements. If the transittime for a recent group of movements, e.g. the last 50 movements, issubstantially longer than the time for an earlier group of movements,e.g. the first 100 movements following initial installation or batterychange, then the battery can be flagged for replacement.

2. Upward PWM Monitoring

In certain embodiments the main motor of the drive means is driven froma Pulse Width Modulated signal (PWM). The width of the PWM signalcontrols the average power applied to the motor and hence the motoroutput. The system is able to measure the lift speed. A feedback loopcan be employed where the PWM drive (width) can be adjusted to maintainthe required lift speed. In principle the transit time for a bottom totop journey for certain such embodiments should always be the same asthe speed is actively controlled. However as the weight of eachpassenger varies the motor effort required to maintain the constantspeed will also vary. The variation in effort will be represented as anincrease in the PWM width for a heavier passenger.

Method: Measure the battery starting voltage. Discard the readingsunless the journey starts with a fully charged battery. Monitor therequired PWM width to maintain the lift speed over the second fastesttrack section. As above, the technique must look for similar PWM demandsto build a table of results which would group the readings for eachpassenger. If the PWM width for the same passenger increases over alarge number of movements then the batteries are working harder toachieve the required speed and a failing battery can be declared.

3. Time to Charge a Battery

Method: After a succession of lift movements a battery may be presentedat the charging point with a voltage more than a certain amount (e.g.2V) below the normal full charge value. The battery is charged to thefull voltage, for example 13.8V for SLA and 15.2V for Lithium. The timetaken to charge (e.g. from 11.8 to 13.8V or 13.2 to 15.2V) is measured.A failing battery will take less time than normal to reach ‘full’charge. After a number of ‘fast’ charge cycles the battery can beflagged for replacement.

4. Battery Fails to Reach Full Charge

Method: If a battery fails to reach its nominal full charge voltage(e.g. 13.8V or 15.2V) after a protracted charging period then thebattery can be flagged for replacement.

5. Failure to Balance the Battery Voltages

The fully charged voltage of two series connected SLA batteries willtend to balance and settle at the same value providing the charger canprovide a high enough charging voltage (e.g. at least 27.6V). Two seriesconnected Lithium battery packs will not naturally balance even with a30.4V supply and additional active circuitry is required to balance thetwo Lithium batteries. In either case it should be possible to balancethe no load voltage of two serially connected batteries.

Method: If the charging circuit cannot balance the two voltages within acertain amount (e.g. 0.2V) after a protracted charging period then thebatteries can be flagged for replacement.

6. Time of Battery Recovery after Full Load

Method: Once a high load has been removed from a battery the batteryvoltage will recover to a higher voltage (without recharging). Therecovery time can be measured. If the rate of recovery decreases overmany lift movements the battery can be flagged for replacement.

7. Degradation of Full Battery Charge Voltage

Method: The full battery charge voltage is monitored over many months ofservice. The full battery voltage will reduce as the batteries age. Oncethe voltage has consistently fallen below a threshold value thebatteries can be flagged for replacement.

8. Upward Movement Safety Stop

Method: During an upward movement the battery voltages are monitored toprevent battery depletion for SLA or PCM shutdown for Lithium. The liftis then restricted to a downward movement in order to reach a chargepoint. If the batteries started the upward movement with a nominal fullcharge but repeatedly are unable to complete the journey due to thesafety shutdown then the batteries can be flagged for replacement.

9. Comparison of Two Batteries or Battery Packs

The lift utilises two identical batteries connected in series. Eachbattery should respond to the applied loads and charger cycles in asimilar manner. If the two batteries are compared and a differentresponse is detected then a battery can be flagged for replacement. Itis unlikely that both batteries will fail at the same time so a directcomparison will highlight a forthcoming failure. An advantage with thistechnique is both batteries are subjected to the same environmental andusage conditions. If the performance of one battery begins to differfrom its partner then the failure is easier to detect when compared toabsolute measurement decisions as used in the other methods given above.

Methods: It is assumed the battery set (i.e. combination of batteriesconnected in series) is fully charged.

A. Compare the battery pack voltages during an upward movement heavyload. If one voltage falls well below the other the lower battery issuspect.

B. Compare the battery pack recovery voltages after a loaded upwardmovement. If one voltage is well below the other the lower battery issuspect.

C. Compare the battery pack recovery times after a loaded upwardmovement. If one battery takes much longer than the other the slowerbattery is suspect.

D. If one battery take much longer than the other battery to fullycharge the ‘longer’ battery is suspect.

E. Item 5. Above is also applicable to this list.

To use the comparison method effectively replacement batteries shouldalways be swapped in pairs and the batteries must have the samespecification.

As discussed above in relation to FIGS. 1 to 12, stair lifts may utiliseLithium batteries which can shut down during a passenger movementleaving the client stranded in the middle of the track. This is due tothe protection circuit module (PCM) included within each of the twoLithium battery packs. A PCM shut down is necessary to prevent damage tothe Lithium batteries. The PCM shut down must be avoided to preventmarooned passengers. In certain embodiments this is achieved bymonitoring the individual battery pack voltages during the liftmovement. If the voltage approaches the PCM shut down threshold then thelift is stopped and further upward movement of the lift is prevented.Movement in the downward direction is permitted as the demands on thebattery are much lower. As a further precaution, the battery voltage maybe measured when the passenger initiates a movement request. Hence anupward journey is prevented if it is unlikely to be completed.

The external monitoring of the Lithium battery pack is not always idealas the only measurement accessible to the lift circuitry may be thenominal 14.8V of the complete battery pack. The Lithium battery isconstructed from multiple cells. Internally the PCM monitors theindividual cell voltage and shuts down the battery output to preventexcessive discharge or overcurrent when only one of the individual cellsfalls below the voltage threshold. As the lift circuitry of certainembodiments does not have access to the individual cells the lift couldpotentially sometimes miss the imminent PCM shut down. Conversely if thelift voltage thresholds are set too high above the PCM thresholds thenpremature PCM shut down warnings are given preventing the use of thefull battery capacity.

A solution to these problems is provided by the following embodiment,described with reference to FIGS. 16, 17, and 18.

The PCM monitors the individual cells to determine when to shut down theoutput. For example the PCM could be designed to shut down the output ifa cell voltage falls below 2.8V. A duplicate of the cell monitoringcircuit is added within the battery but configured with a slightlyhigher threshold voltage of say 3.0V. The additional circuit is arrangedto signal an early warning of the imminent PCM shut down allowing thelift to take appropriate action to prevent the real PCM shut down.

Battery Connections

Each battery will now have three connections, the main power and returnhigh current wires, plus an additional low power ‘battery good’ signal.

The battery pack (4) is constructed from numerous individual cellsconnected in a series/parallel format.

One, two or more cells (43) are connected in parallel to form a powercell (47) in order to boost the current capacity of the battery pack(4).

One, two or more power cells (47) are connected in series to define thevoltage output of the battery pack (4).

The control circuit (45) is arranged to monitor the voltage of the cells(43) in each power pack (47) measuring a voltage V2, V3, V4 . . . Vx.

If the voltage (V2, V3, V4 . . . Vx.) of any cell (43) in any power cell(47) falls below the control circuit (45) threshold (typically 2.8V)then the switching device (46) will disable the battery pack (4) output.

An additional control circuit (48) is arranged to also monitor thevoltage of the cells (43) in each power pack (47) measuring a voltageV2, V3, V4 . . . Vx, with a typical shut down threshold of 3.0V. In oneexample the good battery signal Vg will be V1 when all V2, V3, V4 . . .Vx are above 3.0V or Vg will be 0.0V if any V2, V3, V4 . . . Vx arebelow 3.0V but above 2.8V.

If the battery pack (4) has entered full shut down because any V2, V3,V4 . . . Vx have fallen below 2.8V the Vg will also be 0.0V as theswitching device (46) will be off.

The lift controller monitors the external voltage V1 and the goodbattery signal Vg.

Battery Good Signal

In certain embodiments two battery packs are wired in series. Thispresents a problem with the ground (0V) referencing of the battery goodoutput signal from the individual battery packs. One solution is toprovide the output using an open drain high side switch configuration.As shown in FIG. 18, the output MOSFET M1 or M2 would be ‘on’ toindicate ‘battery good’ and the junction of R1/R2 or R3/R4 would sit at3.3V.

If the HiPreShutdown detects a cell below 3.0V then M1 is turned off andthe junction of R1/R2 falls to 0.0V to indicate a battery bad signal.Similarly for LowPreShutdown.

Thus, in certain embodiments employing battery packs and circuitry asillustrated in FIGS. 16 to 18, the output signal Vg provides a warningof the imminent battery PCM shut down and is primarily used to stop thelift. In certain such embodiments the controller may be further arrangedto prevent the PCM shut down but enable the passenger to complete thejourney, even when a Vg low signal has been detected. In particular, ifthe lift is travelling at relatively high speed (e.g. its highest speed)when a battery pack, or either battery pack declares Vg low, batterybad, then the lift controller can reduce the power demand by reducingthe lift speed. If Vg is still asserted low (bad) at that reduced speedthen the lift can be stopped. However, if Vg is now asserted high (good)at the reduced travel speed, then the journey may be completed (i.e. thecontroller may not intervene to inhibit further upward movement). Thus,reducing the speed may allow the batteries to complete the journey andthen recharge (e.g. at the higher charging station) without the PCM shutdown.

Thus, another embodiment of the invention provides a lift systemgenerally as shown in FIG. 1 and described above, but incorporating abattery pack as shown in FIG. 16 or FIG. 17, and the operation of thecontrol means is different, as follows. In such an embodiment, the liftsystem comprises a rail; a carriage assembly comprising a seat orplatform for supporting a person to be conveyed along the rail, drivemeans arranged to engage the rail and controllable to drive the carriageassembly along the rail, at least a first battery pack (or module orunit) arranged to power the drive means, input means operable by a userto provide an input signal indicative of a desired movement of thecarriage assembly along the rail, and control means arranged to receivethe input signal and control said drive means in response to said inputsignal. The system further includes charging means 7 arranged to chargethe first battery pack 4 when the carriage assembly is at a firstcharging position on the rail CP1, and optionally when the carriageassembly is at a second charging position on the rail CP2. The firstbattery pack comprises a first pair of output terminals 41, 42, a firstplurality of cells 47, arranged in electrical parallel with each otherand coupled to the first pair of output terminals, a first circuitmodule 45 (e.g. protection circuit module) arranged to monitor a firstvoltage across the parallel arrangement of the first plurality of cellsand prevent further discharge of the first plurality of cells when or ifsaid first voltage falls below a first threshold. The battery pack 4also comprises a second circuit module 48 arranged to monitor said firstvoltage and generate an output signal Vg indicative of whether saidfirst voltage is above or below a second threshold, the second thresholdbeing higher than the first threshold. The control means 6 is arrangedto receive that output signal (or warning, or battery condition signal)Vg, and, if the output signal indicates that the first voltage is belowthe second threshold, prevent movement of the carriage assembly alongthe rail in a direction away from the first charging position, forexample towards the second charging position, but allow movement of thecarriage assembly along the rail in a direction towards the firstcharging position when the carriage assembly is located away from thefirst charging position, for example between the first and secondcharging positions. Thus, the controller may intervene before thevoltage across one cell or group of cells of the battery pack hasdropped lower enough to trigger shut down by the first circuit module.

In such a system, the controller may be further arranged, in response tothe output signal indicating that said first voltage is below the secondthreshold while the carriage assembly is travelling along the rail at afirst speed, to control the drive means to reduce the speed of travel toa second speed. Then, the controller may be further arranged to monitorthe output signal after reducing the speed of travel, and, if the outputsignal indicates that the first voltage has risen above the secondthreshold as a result of that speed reduction, allow movement of thecarriage assembly away from the first charging position. Alternatively,if the output signal indicates that the first voltage is still below thesecond threshold after reducing speed, the controller may preventmovement of the carriage assembly away from the first charging position,allowing movement only towards the first charging position.

1. A lift system comprising a rail; a carriage assembly comprising aseat or platform for supporting a person to be conveyed along the rail,drive means arranged to engage the rail and controllable to drive thecarriage assembly along the rail, energy storage means arranged to powerthe drive means, input means operable by a user to provide an inputsignal indicative of a desired movement of the carriage assembly alongthe rail, and control means arranged to receive said input signal andcontrol said drive means in response to said input signal; and chargingmeans arranged to charge said energy storage means when the carriageassembly is at a first charging position on the rail, wherein thecontrol means is arranged to monitor at least one voltage characteristicof the energy storage means and/or at least one operationalcharacteristic of the lift system, and generate an alert signal inresponse to one or more of said characteristics, or a difference betweenone or more said characteristics, fulfilling a defined criterion,criteria, condition, or conditions.
 2. A system in accordance with claim1, wherein the carriage assembly further comprises a memory, and whereinthe control means is arranged to store said alert signal, or dataindicative of said alert signal having been generated, in said memory.3. A system in accordance with claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the carriageassembly further comprises indicating means arranged to provide saidalert signal, or an indication of said alert signal having beengenerated, to a user of the lift system.
 4. A system in accordance withany preceding claim, wherein the carriage assembly further comprisestransmitting means arranged to transmit said alert signal, or anindication of said alert signal having been generated, for reception ata location remote from the lift system.
 5. A system in accordance withany preceding claim, wherein the carriage assembly further comprises aninterface for providing said alert signal, or an indication of saidalert signal having been generated, to external apparatus when connectedto said interface.
 6. A system in accordance with any preceding claim,wherein the energy storage means comprises a battery having a firstterminal and a second terminal, and said at least one voltagecharacteristic comprises a voltage between said first and secondterminals.
 7. A system in accordance with claim 6, wherein saidfulfilling a defined criterion, criteria, condition, or conditionscomprises said voltage falling below a threshold value.
 8. A system inaccordance with claim 6, wherein the controller is adapted to preventmovement of the carriage assembly along the rail in a direction awayfrom the first charging position but allow movement of the carriageassembly along the rail in a direction towards the first chargingposition when said voltage falls below a threshold value.
 9. A system inaccordance with claim 8, wherein said at least one operationalcharacteristic of the lift system comprises a failure of the carriageassembly to complete a journey from the first charging position to asecond position along the rail as a result of said voltage falling belowsaid threshold and the controller preventing further movement towardssaid second position.
 10. A system in accordance with claim 9, whereinsaid failure comprises a failure after starting said journey with thebattery fully charged.
 11. A system in accordance with claim 9 or claim10, wherein said fulfilling a defined criterion, criteria, condition, orconditions comprises a number of said failures exceeding a thresholdnumber.
 12. A system in accordance with any one of claims 6 to 11,wherein said battery is a lead-acid battery.
 13. A system in accordancewith any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the energy storage meanscomprises a first battery pack comprising a first pair of outputterminals, a first plurality of cells, arranged in electrical parallelwith each other and coupled to the first pair of output terminals, and afirst circuit module arranged to monitor a first voltage across theparallel arrangement of the first plurality of cells and prevent furtherdischarge of the first plurality of cells when or if said first voltagefalls below a first threshold value, and wherein said at least onevoltage characteristic comprises said first voltage.
 14. A system inaccordance with claim 13, wherein said fulfilling a defined criterion,criteria, condition, or conditions comprises said first voltage fallingbelow a second threshold value, said second threshold value being higherthan said first threshold value.
 15. A system in accordance with claim13, wherein the controller is adapted to prevent movement of thecarriage assembly along the rail in a direction away from the firstcharging position but allow movement of the carriage assembly along therail in a direction towards the first charging position when said firstvoltage falls below a second threshold value, said second thresholdvalue being higher than said first threshold value.
 16. A system inaccordance with claim 15, wherein said at least one operationalcharacteristic of the lift system comprises a failure of the lift systemto complete a journey from the first charging position to a secondposition along the rail as a result of said first voltage falling belowsaid second threshold value and the controller preventing furthermovement towards said second position.
 17. A system in accordance withclaim 16, wherein said failure comprises a failure after starting saidjourney with the first battery pack fully charged.
 18. A system inaccordance with claim 16 or claim 17, wherein said fulfilling a definedcriterion, criteria, condition, or conditions comprises a number of saidfailures exceeding a threshold number.
 19. A system in accordance withany one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the energy storage means comprises afirst battery or first battery pack, having respective first and secondbattery terminals, and a second battery or second battery pack, havingrespective first and second battery terminals, the first and secondbatteries or battery packs being connected in series with one another tosupply a drive current to the drive means, wherein said at least onevoltage characteristic comprises a first voltage between the first andsecond battery terminals of the first battery or first battery pack anda second voltage between the first and second battery terminals of thesecond battery or second battery pack.
 20. A system in accordance withclaim 19, wherein said fulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria,condition, or conditions comprises one of the first and second voltagesfalling below a threshold value.
 21. A system in accordance with claim19, wherein said fulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria, condition,or conditions comprises a difference between the first and secondvoltages exceeding a threshold value.
 22. A system in accordance withclaim 21, wherein said difference between the first and second voltagesis a difference under zero load.
 23. A system in accordance with claim21, wherein said difference between the first and second voltages is adifference under load.
 24. A system in accordance with claim 21 or 22,wherein said difference between the first and second voltages is adifference between respective voltages to which the batteries haverecovered after being under load.
 25. A system in accordance with claim21 or claim 22, wherein said difference between the first and secondvoltages is a difference after charging the first and second batteriesin series and before loading.
 26. A system in accordance with any one ofclaims 19 to 25, wherein said at least one voltage characteristic of theenergy storage means and/or at least one operational characteristic ofthe lift system comprises a respective recovery time for the voltageacross each pair of battery terminals to recover from a value under loadto a steady value under zero load.
 27. A system in accordance with claim26, wherein said fulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria, condition,or conditions comprises the respective recovery times differing by morethan a threshold length.
 28. A system in accordance with any one ofclaims 19 to 24, wherein said at least one voltage characteristic of theenergy storage means and/or at least one operational characteristic ofthe stair lift comprises a respective charge time for each battery. 29.A system in accordance with claim 28, wherein said fulfilling of adefined criterion, criteria, condition, or conditions comprises therespective charge times differing by more than a threshold length.
 30. Asystem in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the energystorage means comprises a battery or battery pack, the at least onevoltage characteristic of the energy storage means comprises a timetaken for the battery or battery pack to charge between predeterminedvoltages.
 31. A system in accordance with claim 30, wherein saidfulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria, condition, or conditionscomprises said time taken exceeding a threshold length.
 32. A system inaccordance with claim 30, wherein said fulfilling of a definedcriterion, criteria, condition, or conditions comprises said time takenexceeding a threshold length for more than a threshold number ofcharging cycles.
 33. A system in accordance with any one of claims 1 to5, wherein the energy storage means comprises a battery or battery pack,the at least one voltage characteristic of the energy storage meanscomprises a voltage across the battery or battery pack, and saidfulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria, condition, or conditionscomprises said voltage failing to reach a threshold value after acharging period.
 34. A system in accordance with any one of claims 1 to5, wherein the energy storage means comprises a first battery or batterypack and a second battery or battery pack connected in series with oneanother, the at least one voltage characteristic of the energy storagemeans comprises a first voltage across the first battery or battery packand a second voltage across the second battery or battery pack, and saidfulfilling of a defined criterion, criteria, condition, or conditionscomprises said first and second voltages differing by more than athreshold value after a charging period.
 35. A system in accordance withany preceding claim, wherein the control means is further arranged tomonitor drive current supplied to the drive means from the energystorage means.
 36. A system in accordance with claim 35, wherein thecontroller is further arranged to distinguish between journeyscorresponding to different users from measurements of the drive current.37. A system in accordance with any preceding claim, wherein the controlmeans is arranged to generate said alert signal in response to a changein an average journey time for a journey between one position andanother position on the rail, for example for a particular user.
 38. Alift system comprising: a rail; a carriage assembly comprising a seat orplatform for supporting a person to be conveyed along the rail, drivemeans arranged to engage the rail and controllable to drive the carriageassembly along the rail, at least a first battery pack arranged to powerthe drive means, input means operable by a user to provide an inputsignal indicative of a desired movement of the carriage assembly alongthe rail, and control means arranged to receive said input signal andcontrol said drive means in response to said input signal; and chargingmeans arranged to charge said first battery pack when the carriageassembly is at a first charging position on the rail, and optionallywhen the carriage assembly is at a second charging position on the rail,wherein the first battery pack comprises a first pair of outputterminals, a first plurality of cells, arranged in electrical parallelwith each other and coupled to the first pair of output terminals, and afirst circuit module, for example a protection circuit module, arrangedto monitor a first voltage across the parallel arrangement of the firstplurality of cells and prevent further discharge of the first pluralityof cells when or if said first voltage falls below a first threshold,and said control means is arranged to monitor a first output voltage,said first output voltage being a voltage across said first pair ofoutput terminals, and prevent movement of the carriage assembly alongthe rail in a direction away from the first charging position, forexample towards the second charging position, but allow movement of thecarriage assembly along the rail in a direction towards the firstcharging position when the carriage assembly is located away from thefirst charging position, for example between the first and secondcharging positions, and said first output voltage is above said firstthreshold but below a second threshold, where said second threshold ishigher than said first threshold.
 39. A lift system in accordance withclaim 38, wherein each of said first plurality of cells is a lithium-ioncell.
 40. A lift system in accordance with claim 38 or claim 39, whereinthe carriage assembly further comprises a second battery pack arrangedto power the drive means and to be charged by the charging means whenthe carriage assembly is at the first or second charging positions,wherein the second battery pack comprises s second pair of outputterminals, a second plurality of cells, arranged in electrical parallelwith each other and coupled to the second pair of output terminals, anda second protection circuit module arranged to monitor a second voltageacross the parallel arrangement of the second plurality of cells andprevent further discharge of the second plurality of cells when/if saidsecond voltage falls below the first threshold, and said control meansis arranged to monitor a second output voltage, said second outputvoltage being a voltage across the second pair of output terminals, andprevent movement of the carriage assembly along the rail in a directiontowards the second charging position but allow movement of the carriageassembly along the rail in a direction towards the first chargingposition when the carriage assembly is located between the first andsecond charging positions and said second output voltage is above saidfirst threshold but below said second threshold.
 41. A lift system inaccordance with claim 40, wherein each of said second plurality of cellsis a lithium-ion cell.
 42. A lift system in accordance with any one ofclaims 38 to 41, wherein the control means is arranged to provide analert to a user of the carriage assembly in response to the first outputvoltage or the second output voltage falling below the second threshold.43. A lift system in accordance with any one of claims 38 to 42, whereinthe control means is arranged to control the drive means toautomatically convey the carriage assembly to the first chargingposition in response to the first output voltage or the second outputvoltage falling below the second threshold.
 44. A lift system inaccordance with any one of claims 38 to 43, wherein the first batterypack comprises a plurality of cell packs, each cell pack comprising arespective plurality of cells arranged in electrical parallel with eachother, and the plurality of cell packs being arranged in electricalseries with one another between the first pair of output terminals,wherein said first plurality of cells are the respective plurality ofcells of a first one of said cell packs, said first voltage is a cellpack voltage across said first one of said cell packs, and the firstprotection circuit module is arranged to monitor a respective cell packvoltage across each cell pack and prevent further discharge of therespective plurality of cells if the respective cell pack voltage fallsbelow said first threshold.
 45. A lift system in accordance with any oneof claims 38 to 44, wherein the carriage assembly comprises a pluralityof battery packs, including said first battery pack, each battery packarranged to power the drive means and to be charged by the chargingmeans when the carriage assembly is at the first or second chargingpositions, wherein each battery pack comprises a respective pair ofoutput terminals, a respective plurality of cells, arranged inelectrical parallel with each other and coupled to the respective pairof output terminals, and a respective protection circuit module arrangedto monitor a respective cell voltage across the parallel arrangement ofthe respective plurality of cells and prevent further discharge of therespective plurality of cells if said respective cell voltage fallsbelow the first threshold, and said control means is arranged to monitora respective output voltage across each respective pair of outputterminals, and prevent movement of the carriage assembly along the railin a direction towards the second charging position but allow movementof the carriage assembly along the rail in a direction towards the firstcharging position when the carriage assembly is located between thefirst and second charging positions and any one of said output voltagesis above said first threshold but below said second threshold.
 46. Alift system in accordance with claim 45, wherein each battery packcomprises a respective plurality of cell packs, each cell packcomprising a respective plurality of cells arranged in electricalparallel with each other, and each respective plurality of cell packsbeing arranged in electrical series with one another between therespective pair of output terminals, and each respective protectioncircuit module is arranged to monitor a respective cell pack voltageacross each respective cell pack and prevent further discharge of therespective plurality of cells if said respective cell pack voltage fallsbelow the first threshold.
 47. A lift system in accordance with any oneof claims 38 to 46, wherein the control means is further arranged toprevent movement of the carriage assembly away from the first chargingposition when the carriage assembly is at the first charging positionand at least one of said output voltages is below the second threshold.48. A lift system in accordance with any one of claims 38 to 47, whereinthe control means is further arranged to prevent movement of thecarriage assembly away from the first charging position when thecarriage assembly is at the first charging position and at least one ofsaid output voltages is below a third threshold, wherein the thirdthreshold is higher than the second threshold.
 49. A lift systemcomprising: a rail; a carriage assembly comprising a seat or platformfor supporting a person to be conveyed along the rail, drive meansarranged to engage the rail and controllable to drive the carriageassembly along the rail, at least a first battery pack arranged to powerthe drive means, input means operable by a user to provide an inputsignal indicative of a desired movement of the carriage assembly alongthe rail, and control means arranged to receive said input signal andcontrol said drive means in response to said input signal; and chargingmeans arranged to charge said first battery pack when the carriageassembly is at a first charging position on the rail, and optionallywhen the carriage assembly is at a second charging position on the rail,wherein the first battery pack comprises a first pair of outputterminals, and said control means is arranged to monitor a first outputvoltage, said first output voltage being a voltage across said firstpair of output terminals, and prevent movement of the carriage assemblyalong the rail in a direction away from the first charging position, forexample towards the second charging position, but allow movement of thecarriage assembly along the rail in a direction towards the firstcharging position when the carriage assembly is located away from thefirst charging position, for example between the first and secondcharging positions, and said first output voltage is below a threshold.50. A lift system in accordance with claim 49, comprising a plurality ofsaid battery packs and wherein the control means is arranged to monitora respective output voltage across each respective pair of outputterminals and prevent movement of the carriage assembly along the railin a direction away from the first charging position, for exampletowards the second charging position, but allow movement of the carriageassembly along the rail in a direction towards the first chargingposition when the carriage assembly is located away from the firstcharging position, for example between the first and second chargingpositions, and any one of said output voltages is below said threshold.51. A lift system comprising: a rail; a carriage assembly comprising aseat or platform for supporting a person to be conveyed along the rail,drive means arranged to engage the rail and controllable to drive thecarriage assembly along the rail, at least a first battery pack arrangedto power the drive means, input means operable by a user to provide aninput signal indicative of a desired movement of the carriage assemblyalong the rail, and control means arranged to receive said input signaland control said drive means in response to said input signal; andcharging means arranged to charge said first battery pack when thecarriage assembly is at a first charging position on the rail, andoptionally when the carriage assembly is at a second charging positionon the rail, wherein the first battery pack comprises a first pair ofoutput terminals, a first plurality of cells, arranged in electricalparallel with each other and coupled to the first pair of outputterminals, a first circuit module arranged to monitor a first voltageacross the parallel arrangement of the first plurality of cells andprevent further discharge of the first plurality of cells when or ifsaid first voltage falls below a first threshold, and a second circuitmodule arranged to monitor said first voltage and generate an outputsignal indicative of whether said first voltage is above or below asecond threshold, said second threshold being higher than said firstthreshold, and said control means is arranged to receive said outputsignal, and, if said output signal indicates that said first voltage isbelow the second threshold, prevent movement of the carriage assemblyalong the rail in a direction away from the first charging position, forexample towards the second charging position, but allow movement of thecarriage assembly along the rail in a direction towards the firstcharging position when the carriage assembly is located away from thefirst charging position, for example between the first and secondcharging positions.
 52. A system in accordance with claim 51, whereinthe controller is further arranged, in response to said output signalindicating that said first voltage is below the second threshold whilethe carriage assembly is travelling along the rail at a first speed, tocontrol the drive means to reduce the speed of travel to a second speed.53. A system in accordance with claim 52, wherein the controller isfurther arranged to monitor said output signal after reducing said speedof travel, and, if said output signal indicates that the first voltagehas risen above the second threshold as a result of said reducing, allowmovement of the carriage assembly away from the first charging position,and, if said output signal indicates that the first voltage is stillbelow the second threshold after said reducing, prevent movement of thecarriage assembly away from the first charging position but allowmovement towards the first charging position.
 54. A lift system inaccordance with any preceding claim, wherein the lift system is astairlift system, for example installed, or for installation, to conveya person up and down stairs.
 55. A lift system in accordance with anypreceding claim, wherein the carriage assembly further comprisesdetection means arranged to provide the control means with an indicationof the carriage assembly's position along the rail.
 56. A lift system inaccordance with any preceding claim, wherein the carriage assemblyfurther comprises a memory arranged to store control data for use by thecontrol means to control movement of the carriage assembly along therail.
 57. A lift system in accordance with any preceding claim, whereinthe carriage assembly further comprises an inclination detector arrangedto provide the controller with an indication of an inclination of therail at the current position of the carriage assembly.
 58. A lift systemin accordance with any preceding claim, wherein the charging means isfurther arranged to charge the energy storage means, battery, batteries,battery pack, or battery packs at a second charging position on therail.
 59. A lift system in accordance with claim 58, wherein the rail isarranged such that said second charging position is higher than saidfirst charging position.
 60. A lift system in accordance with anypreceding claim, wherein the rail is a rail assembly, comprising aplurality of rail sections.
 61. A lift system in accordance with anypreceding claim, wherein said rail comprises at least one straightsection sloping upwardly in a direction from the first charging positiontowards the second charging position.
 62. A lift system in accordancewith any preceding claim, wherein said rail comprises at least onecurved section.
 63. A carriage assembly for a lift system in accordancewith any preceding claim.
 64. A method of operating a lift systemcomprising a rail, a carriage assembly comprising a seat or platform forsupporting a person to be conveyed along the rail, drive means arrangedto engage the rail and controllable to drive the carriage assembly alongthe rail, energy storage means arranged to power the drive means, inputmeans operable by a user to provide an input signal indicative of adesired movement of the carriage assembly along the rail, and controlmeans arranged to receive said input signal and control said drive meansin response to said input signal, and charging means arranged to chargesaid energy storage means when the carriage assembly is at a firstcharging position on the rail, the method comprising: monitoring atleast one voltage characteristic of the energy storage means and/or atleast one operational characteristic of the stair lift, and generatingan alert signal in response to one or more of said characteristics, or adifference between one or more said characteristics, fulfilling adefined criterion, criteria, condition, or conditions.
 65. A method ofoperating a lift system comprising a rail, a carriage assemblycomprising a seat or platform for supporting a person to be conveyedalong the rail, drive means arranged to engage the rail and controllableto drive the carriage assembly along the rail, at least a first batterypack arranged to power the drive means, input means operable by a userto provide an input signal indicative of a desired movement of thecarriage assembly along the rail, and control means arranged to receivesaid input signal and control said drive means in response to said inputsignal, and charging means arranged to charge said first battery packwhen the carriage assembly is at at least one charging position on therail, the method comprising: monitoring an output voltage of the batterypack and automatically inhibiting movement of the carriage assembly ifsaid output voltage is below a threshold.
 66. A method in accordancewith claim 65, wherein said threshold is a second threshold, the batterypack comprises a first pair of output terminals, a first plurality ofcells, arranged in electrical parallel with each other and coupled tothe first pair of output terminals, and a first protection circuitmodule arranged to monitor a first voltage across the parallelarrangement of the first plurality of cells and prevent furtherdischarge of the first plurality of cells when or if said first voltagefalls below a first threshold, said output voltage of the battery packis a voltage across said first pair of output terminals, and said secondthreshold is higher than said first threshold.
 67. A lift system,carriage assembly, battery pack, or method substantially as hereinbeforedescribed with reference to the accompanying drawings.